In recent studies, maternal and paternal genetic markers have shown that southwest Chinese cattle were complex but interesting, which consisted of an important node for inspiring the domestication history of Chinese cattle ( Lei et al., 2006 Chen et al., 2009 Xia et al., 2019). Though the hybrids of indicine × taurine breed in Chinese cattle breeds are massive in number, the composition of the ancestors remains unclear for native breeds, particularly in southwest China. Today, a total of 55 indigenous cattle breeds are officially identified in China. Humpless cattle ( Bos taurus) and humped cattle ( Bos indicus) are two main sub-species of cattle ( Decker et al., 2014), and they have been directed by multiple domestication events from the early requirement of labor to the current need for beef and milk. Our findings have provided invaluable information for the development and conservation of cattle genetic resources, especially in southwest China. Of the top 1% gene list, UBE3D and ZNF668 were analyzed, and these genes may be associated with fat metabolism and blood pressure regulation in cold adaptation. In addition, we studied the cold adaptation of Weining cattle by comparing with other Chinese cattle (Wannan and Wenshan cattle) by three methods ( F ST, θπ-ratio, and XP-EHH). The positive selective sweep analysis in Weining cattle was analyzed using composite likelihood ratio (CLR) and nucleotide diversity (θπ), resulting in 203 overlapped genes. In the current study, a high level of genetic diversity was found in Weining cattle, and its breed comprised two potential ancestries, which were Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Here, we used 10 Weining cattle (five newly sequenced and five downloaded) and downloaded another 48 genome data to understand the aspects of Weining cattle: genetic diversity, population structure, and cold-adapted performance. The multi-ethnic breeding culture makes Weining cattle require more attention as livestock resources for its genetic diversity. Weining cattle is a Chinese indigenous breed influenced by complex breeding and geographical background. 4Bijie Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Institute, Bijie, China.
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